Notes

Chapter 1

1. Nick Hilborne, ‘Legal tech investment hits record level in 2025’, LegalFutures, 14 October 2025 https://legalfutures.co.uk/latest-news/legal-tech-investment-hits-record-level-in-2025 and Joanna Glasner, ‘Legal tech investment hits all-time high with Filevine funding’, Crunchbase News, 23 September 2025 https://news.crunchbase.com/venture/ai-legal-tech-investment-all-time-high-filevine
2. Dylan Brown, ‘The AI paradox: high adoption, low integration in law firms’, LexisNexis, 7 September 2025 https://lexisnexis.co.uk/blog/future-of-law/the-ai-paradox-high-adoption-low-integration-in-uk-law-firms and Chris Frickland, ‘Beyond the hype: why 95% of legal AI pilots fail (and your roadmap to success)’, Axiom Law, September 2025 https://axiomlaw.com/blog/legal-ai-pilots-fail-success-roadmap
3. See https://skills.law/the-surveys
4. See https://skills.law/legal-ai-dashboard
5. David Jackson, ‘Shoosmiths offers £1m bonus pot for 1 million AI prompts’, Press Release, Shoosmiths, 2 April 2025 https://shoosmiths.com/perspectives/news/shoosmiths-offers-1m-bonus-pot-for-1-million-ai-prompts
6. See https://sra.org.uk/news/news/press/2025-press-releases/garfield-ai-authorised See also Richard Tromans, ‘AI-native law firm directory launches’, Artificial Lawyer, 20 March 2026 https://artificiallawyer.com/2026/03/30/ai-native-law-firm-directory-launches and the directory at https://aifirmindex.com
7. Jamie Tso, ‘The Jane Street of law: the rise of the Legal Quant – What happens when law meets systems thinking’, 15 January 2026 https://tsojamie.substack.com/p/the-jane-street-of-law-the-rise-of
8. This is a reference to T. S. Eliot’s ‘The Hollow Men’ and its closing lines: ‘This is the way the world ends / Not with a bang but a whimper.’ You can find ‘The Hollow Men’ in T. S. Eliot’s Poems, 1909–1925 (Faber & Faber Limited, 1925)
9. See https://sra.org.uk/news/news/press/2025-press-releases/garfield-ai-authorised
10. Ben Rigby, ‘SRA authorises new AI-powered law firm LawFairy – London-based firm uses “deterministic” AI platform to provide legal advice directly to clients’, Global Legal Post, 24 February 2026 https://globallegalpost.com/news/sra-authorises-new-ai-powered-law-firm-lawfairy-590898458
11. Oz Benamram, ‘From Uber to Lawber: how digital transformation may change the legal industry’, 19 April 2019. www.law-ber.com

Chapter 2

1. Megan Mulligan, ‘How lawyers are using AI to draft better contracts faster’, American Bar Association, 7 October 2025 https://americanbar.org/groups/law_practice/resources/law-practice-today/2025/october-2025/lawyers-using-ai-to-draft-contracts
2. Tim Coles, ‘Legal research using Generative AI’, Thomson Reuters, 31 October 2025 https://legalsolutions.thomsonreuters.co.uk/blog/2025/10/31/legal-research-using-generative-ai
3. Ashley Hallene and Jeffrey M. Allen, ‘Using AI for predictive analytics in litigation’, American Bar Association, 16 October 2024 https://americanbar.org/groups/senior_lawyers/resources/voice-of-experience/2024-october/using-ai-for-predictive-analytics-in-litigation
4. Oliver Attinger, ‘Legal vibe coding is taking off as lawyers turn side projects into working tools’, Non-Billable, 30 January 2026 https://nonbillable.co.uk/news/legal-vibe-coding-is-taking-off
5. Cole Stryker and Jim Holdsworth, ‘What is NLP (natural language processing)?’, IBM https://ibm.com/think/topics/natural-language-processing
6. Choose Your Own Adventure® is a registered trademark of Chooseco LLC
7. Ashish Vaswani, Noam Shazeer, Niki Parmar, Jakob Uszkoreit, Llion Jones, Aidan N. Gomez, Lukasz Kaiser, and Illia Polosukhin, ‘Attention is all you need’, Preprint, arXiv 1706.03762 (submitted 12 June 2017; revised 2 August 2023)
8. Emerging Technology from the arXiv, ‘King – Man + Woman = Queen: the marvelous mathematics of computational linguistics’, Technology Review, 17 September 2014 https://technologyreview.com/2015/09/17/166211/king-man-woman-queen-the-marvelous-mathematics-of-computational-linguistics
9. Visual Storytelling Team and Madhumita Murgia, ‘Generative AI exists because of the transformer’, Financial Times, 12 September 2023 https://ig.ft.com/generative-ai
10. GPT stands for generative pre-trained transformer
11. BERT stands for bidirectional encoder representations from transformers
12. Sam Altman (@sama) on X, 5 December 2022 https://x.com/gdb/status/1599683104142430208
13. Dan Milmo and agency, ‘ChatGPT reaches 100 million users two months after launch’, The Guardian, 2 February 2023 https://theguardian.com/technology/2023/feb/02/chatgpt-100-million-users-open-ai-fastest-growing-app
14. Dan Milmo, ‘Two US lawyers fined for submitting fake court citations from ChatGPT’, The Guardian, 23 June 2023 https://theguardian.com/technology/2023/jun/23/two-us-lawyers-fined-submitting-fake-court-citations-chatgpt
15. Catherine Bamford, ‘I tried to draft a lease with GenAI so I could test my own assumptions’, LinkedIn, 3 March 2026 https://linkedin.com/pulse/i-tried-draft-lease-genai-so-could-test-my-own-catherine-bamford-dknke

Chapter 3

1. Richard Susskind, ‘Moses to the modern law firm’, Forbes, 21 March 2014 https://forbes.com/sites/davidparnell/2014/03/21/richard-susskind-moses-to-the-modern-law-firm
2. William Stanley Jevons, The Coal Question: An Inquiry Concerning the Progress of the Nation, and the Probable Exhaustion of our Coal-mines, ed. A. W. Flux, 3rd edn (Augustus M. Kelley, New York, 1905)

Chapter 4

1. Jamie Tso, ‘The Jane Street of law: the rise of the Legal Quant – What happens when law meets systems thinking’, 15 January 2026 https://tsojamie.substack.com/p/the-jane-street-of-law-the-rise-of
2. See Adam Curphey’s The Legal Team of the Future: Law+ Skills (London Publishing Partnership, 2022) for in-depth discussions of lawyers having the skills required in an I-shaped, T-shaped, O-shaped, delta-shaped, or +-shaped skills model https://londonpublishingpartnership.co.uk/books/the-legal-team-of-the-future-law-skills
3. Dan Milmo, ‘Leading law firm cuts London back-office staff as it embraces AI’, The Guardian, 21 November 2025 https://theguardian.com/technology/2025/nov/21/increased-aiuse-law-firm-clifford-chance-cuts-london-jobs-10-per-cent

Chapter 5

1. L. Wachowski and L. Wachowski, The Matrix (Warner Bros, 1999) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Matrix
2. Taylor Brownlow, ‘Dashboards are dead’, Medium.com, 9 April 2020 https://medium.com/data-science/dashboards-are-dead-b9f12eeb2ad2 and Taylor Brownlow, ‘Dashboards are dead: 3 years later’, Medium.com, 12 April 2023 https://medium.com/data-science/dashboards-are-dead-3-years-later-72347757bfa6
3. Nick Hilborne, ‘Legal tech investment hits record level in 2025’, LegalFutures, 14 October 2025 https://legalfutures.co.uk/latest-news/legal-tech-investment-hits-record-level-in-2025

Chapter 6

1. Nick Lichtenberg, ‘Meet David Joyner, the professor who cloned himself with an AI avatar named “DAI-vid”, as part of an experiment to “democratize” online learning’, Fortune, 15 October 2025 https://fortune.com/2025/10/15/the-ai-upskilling-tsunami-edx-open-course-agarwal-mit-joyner-georgia-tech
2. B. M. Bloom, Learning for Mastery, pp. 1–12 (Center for the Study of Evaluation of Instructional Programs, 1968)
3. Alex Alridge, ‘Profession prepares for big changes in training of lawyers’, Legal Cheek, 31 May 2019 https://legalcheek.com/2019/05/profession-prepares-for-big-changes-in-training-of-lawyers and Matthew J. Homewood, ‘Law schools, the SQE and technology’, LegalFutures, 26 February 2020 https://legalfutures.co.uk/blog/law-schools-the-sqe-and-technology 
4. Legal IT Insider, ‘Joe Cohen joins Harvey as legal innovation partner’, 18 February 2026 https://legaltechnology.com/joe-cohen-joins-harvey-as-legal-innovation-partner and Artificial Lawyer, ‘Harvey hires Tara Waters’, 3 March 2026 https://artificiallawyer.com/2026/03/03/harvey-hires-tara-waters
5. At the time of writing, LinkedIn cited 978 legal innovation jobs in the United Kingdom
6. The Bar Council of England and Wales has a requirement that witness statements are written in the witness’s own words and that people ‘should not be able to generate, alter, embellish, or rephrase their statements using AI’ (Bar Council Press Release, 21 April 2026) https://barcouncil.org.uk/resource/professional-standards-ai.html
7. Legal IT Insider, ‘Clio completes $1bn acquisition of vLex + raises $500m Series G at $5bn valuation’, 10 November 2025 https://legaltechnology.com/clio-completes-1bn-acquisition-of-vlex-raises-500m-series-g-at-5bn-valuation
8. Legal Cheek, ‘Ropes & Gray encourages junior lawyers to spend 20% of billable time on AI’, 19 November 2025 https://legalcheek.com/2025/11/ropes-gray-encourages-juniors-to-spend-20-of-billable-hours-on-ai

Chapter 7

1. See https://legaltechnologyhub.com
2. See https://skills.law/the-surveys
3. For further detail on process mapping, see Ryan Tronier, ‘What is process mapping? Steps, types, examples & template’, Asana, 11 February 2026 https://asana.com/resources/process-mapping Adam Curphey, The Legal Team of the Future: Law+ Skills (London Publishing Partnership, 2022) https://londonpublishingpartnership.co.uk/books/the-legal-team-of-the-future-law-skills
4. For one such framework see Jitendra Kumar, ‘The AI prioritization framework: how to know where to invest first’, Medium, 24 January 2026 https://medium.com/@contact.jitendra07/the-ai-prioritization-framework-how-to-know-whereto-invest-first-a7544220cd4b
5. See chapter 2 on Model Context Protocol; chapter 5 on MCP and the opening of legal data; and chapter 9 on lawyer-built solutions and shadow AI
6. Simon Lock, ‘40% of UK top 50 firms lack top UK cybersecurity certification, research shows’, Law.com, 19 February 2021 https://law.com/international-edition/2021/02/19/40-of-uk-top-50-firms-lack-top-uk-cybersecurity-certification-research-shows

Chapter 8

1. See, for example, the Aderant report from 2018 titled ‘Challenging the status quo in law firms: a legal business report by Aderant’ https://aderant.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Status-Quo-Gen-LBR-NA-012918.pdf or the LexisNexis discussion paper ‘The Bellwether Report 2018. A dangerous allegiance to the status quo?’ https://lexisnexis.co.uk/bellwether/assets/pdfs/LN_Bellwether_Roundtable_14.pdf
2. United States v. Heppner, No. 25-cr-00503 (SDNY, February 2026)
3. Warner v. Gilbarco, Inc., No. 2:2024cv12333, Document 94 (ED Michigan 2026)
4. Cleary Gottlieb, ‘Courts grapple with privilege implications of AI’, Alert Memorandum, 27 February 2026 https://clearygottlieb.com/news-and-insights/publication-listing/courts-grapple-with-privilege-implications-of-ai
5. ABA Model Rules of Professional Conduct, Rule 1.1: Competence https://americanbar.org/groups/professional_responsibility/publications/model_rules_of_professional_conduct/rule_1_1_competence
6. SRA Code of Conduct for Solicitors, RELs, RFLs and RSLs, Paragraph 3: service and competence https://sra.org.uk/solicitors/standards-regulations/code-conduct-solicitors
7. See https://skills.law/the-surveys
8. In relation to high-risk AI systems, see ‘Article 10: data and data governance’ and ‘Article 15: accuracy, robustness and cybersecurity’ of the EU AI Act
9. UNESCO, ‘Ethics of artificial intelligence’, UNESCO’s Global AI Ethics and Governance Observatory https://unesco.org/en/artificial-intelligence/recommendation-ethics
10. Amanda Silberling, ‘Your public ChatGPT queries are getting indexed by Google and other search engines’, TechCrunch, 31 July 2025 https://techcrunch.com/2025/07/31/your-public-chatgpt-queries-are-getting-indexed-by-google-and-other-search-engines
11. United States v. Heppner, No. 25-cr-00503 (SDNY, February 2026)
12. Warner v. Gilbarco, Inc., No. 2:2024cv12333, Document 9 (ED Michigan 2026)
13. UK and R (on the application of Munir) v Secretary of State for the Home Department (AI hallucinations; supervision; Hamid) [2026] UKUT 00081 (IAC)
14. See https://skills.law/the-surveys

Chapter 9

1. Laura Cress, ‘“Vibe coding” named word of the year by Collins Dictionary’, BBC News, 6 November 2025 https://bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cpd2y053nleo
2. Wix News Room, ‘Wix further expands into vibe coding with acquisition of Base44, a hyper-growth startup that simplifies web and app creation with AI’, Press Release, 18 June 2025 https://wix.com/press-room/home/post/wix-further-expands-into-vibe-coding-with-acquisition-of-base44-a-hyper-growth-startup-that-simplif
3. Andrej Karpathy (@karpathy) on X, 2 February 2025 https://x.com/karpathy/status/1886192184808149383

Chapter 10

1. Artificial Lawyer, ‘Anthropic targets lawyers with Claude for Word’, 11 April 2026 https://artificiallawyer.com/2026/04/11/anthropic-targets-lawyers-with-claude-for-word
2. Orbital (referenced earlier) is now an AI-native law firm https://artificiallawyer.com/2026/04/13/orbital-launches-its-own-real-estate-law-firm

Chapter 11

1. Colin Levy, ‘Check out my all-new Legal Tech Resources Guide!’, LinkedIn post, March 2026 https://linkedin.com/posts/colinslevy_legal-tech-resource-guide-activity-7429185390680461312-3wJf
2. See https://cloc.org
3. See https://legalops.com
4. See https://iltanet.org/home
5. See https://legalquants.com
6. See https://legaltechnologyhub.com
7. ‘Report and Recommendations of the New York State Bar Association Task Force on Artificial Intelligence’, New York State Bar Association, 6 April 2024 https://nysba.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/2024-April-Report-and-Recommendations-of-the-Task-Force-on-Artificial-Intelligence.pdf 
8. Law Society, ‘Attitudes towards lawtech adoption’, 28 June 2023 https://lawsociety.org.uk/topics/research/read-our-new-report-on-attitudes-towards-lawtech-adoption Law Society, ‘AI and the law: the time to wait and see is over’, 13 January 2026 https://lawsociety.org.uk/topics/ai-and-lawtech/partner-content/ai-law-time-to-wait-and-see-is-over
9. See https://lawtechuk.io